A Crucial Element of Democracy

This is a blog by Robert Gutierrez ...
While often taken for granted, civics education plays a crucial role in a democracy like ours. This Blog is dedicated to enticing its readers into taking an active role in the formulation of the civics curriculum found in their local schools. In order to do this, the Blog is offering a newer way to look at civics education, a newer construct - liberated federalism or federation theory. Daniel Elazar defines federalism as "the mode of political organization that unites separate polities within an overarching political system by distributing power among general and constituent governments in a manner designed to protect the existence and authority of both." It depends on its citizens acting in certain ways which Elazar calls federalism's processes. Federation theory, as applied to civics curriculum, has a set of aims. They are:
*Teach a view of government as a supra federated institution of society in which collective interests of the commonwealth are protected and advanced.
*Teach the philosophical basis of government's role as guardian of the grand partnership of citizens at both levels of individuals and associations of political and social intercourse.
*Convey the need of government to engender levels of support promoting a general sense of obligation and duty toward agreed upon goals and processes aimed at advancing the common betterment.
*Establish and justify a political morality which includes a process to assess whether that morality meets the needs of changing times while holding true to federalist values.
*Emphasize the integrity of the individual both in terms of liberty and equity in which each citizen is a member of a compacted arrangement and whose role is legally, politically, and socially congruent with the spirit of the Bill of Rights.
*Find a balance between a respect for national expertise and an encouragement of local, unsophisticated participation in policy decision-making and implementation.
Your input, as to the content of this Blog, is encouraged through this Blog directly or the Blog's email address: gravitascivics@gmail.com .
NOTE: This blog has led to the publication of a book. The title of that book is TOWARD A FEDERATED NATION: IMPLEMENTING NATIONAL CIVICS STANDARDS and it is available through Amazon in both ebook and paperback versions.

Friday, March 30, 2018

JULY 5, 1776?


Here is a salutary bit of information.  It seems that to get a college degree in Florida, a student needs to exhibit the following:
… an understanding of the basic principles of American democracy and how they are applied in our republican form of government, an understanding of the United States Constitution, knowledge of the founding documents and how they have shaped the nature and functions of our institutions of self-governance, and an understanding of landmark supreme Court cases and their impact on law and society.[1]
Hooray!!  This is taken from a State of Florida statute passed in 2017.  But how does one exhibit or demonstrate these abilities.  This posting focuses on this requirement and what it says about the state of civics education.
          First concern:  shouldn’t high school students be able to do these things?  Of course, there is a bit of vagueness in what is being asked.  For example, understanding the United States Constitution can range from having to pass that portion of the bar exam that’s dedicated to constitutional law or merely stating the Constitution is the basic law of the land.  But a high school graduate should have a reasonable level of understanding and knowledge over the topics mentioned in the excerpt above.
          That graduate, for example, should be able to provide a statement that distinguishes what a “republican form of government” is from what a pure democracy form or an authoritarian form is.  He/she should be able to describe how Supreme Court decisions are used as precedents in subsequent cases.  These levels of knowledge seem reasonable for a high school graduate to have.
          Second concern:  how is one going to measure the level of proficiency sought?  In this, the law identifies those avenues by which the college graduate can exhibit the desired knowledge.  They are:
sign up and pass a college level survey course on American government; or, sign up and pass a college American survey history (since 1865) course; or sign up and pass an Advance Placement (AP) American government course (which this writer believes is a high school course – he taught back in the day); or sign up and pass an AP American history course (again thought to be a high school course); or passing the College Level Examination Program test; or – and here is the questionable way – pass by correctly answering six questions on a test made up of ten randomly chosen questions excerpted from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Naturalization Test.
All of these choices, except one, is demanding.  The one – the one identified as questionable – is not. 
The Immigration test is – perhaps reasonably since it is administered to all people striving to be citizens and who represent people from little to no formal education to highly educated people – has a different purpose than the one identified in the law.  The law is meant to assure that educated people know their government and the philosophy that undergirds it.  Ideally, every citizen should have this knowledge, but the law wants to insist that educated ones do.
Well, what’s wrong with the Immigration test?  Here is a sample of the questions:
What group of people was taken to America and sold as slaves?
When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?
Name one branch of the government.
Name one war fought by the United States in the 1900s.
Who is President of the United States?
Name two national holidays.[2]
If you find the toughness overwhelming, relax.  Although all of the 100 questions are equally challenging, one can find the answers online along with the complete listing of the 100 questions that makeup the test.
Oh, one might say, this is a different kind of thing.  Perhaps the lawmakers got confused and thought the requirement should be for graduates of the seventh grade?  Well, this obvious undermining of what the law was reasonably trying to secure drew a critical reaction.  Consequently, in the future – yet to be determined when – the test used on college graduates will be augmented with other questions (hopefully reasonable ones).  But, in the interim there is this legal bypass to meeting the demands of the law. 
Why is there this bypass?  Is it a lack of knowing what the Immigration test contains?  Or, is it a perceived need to address the lack of civic knowledge generally shared by college graduates?  If that’s the case, then this is but another indication of how deficient the nation’s civics education program is.


[1] As stated in Bob Holladay, “‘Civic Literacy’ Requirement Being Eroded by DOE Rules,” Tallahassee Democrat, March 27, 2018, 4A.

[2] Ibid.

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