A Crucial Element of Democracy

This is a blog by Robert Gutierrez ...
While often taken for granted, civics education plays a crucial role in a democracy like ours. This Blog is dedicated to enticing its readers into taking an active role in the formulation of the civics curriculum found in their local schools. In order to do this, the Blog is offering a newer way to look at civics education, a newer construct - liberated federalism or federation theory. Daniel Elazar defines federalism as "the mode of political organization that unites separate polities within an overarching political system by distributing power among general and constituent governments in a manner designed to protect the existence and authority of both." It depends on its citizens acting in certain ways which Elazar calls federalism's processes. Federation theory, as applied to civics curriculum, has a set of aims. They are:
*Teach a view of government as a supra federated institution of society in which collective interests of the commonwealth are protected and advanced.
*Teach the philosophical basis of government's role as guardian of the grand partnership of citizens at both levels of individuals and associations of political and social intercourse.
*Convey the need of government to engender levels of support promoting a general sense of obligation and duty toward agreed upon goals and processes aimed at advancing the common betterment.
*Establish and justify a political morality which includes a process to assess whether that morality meets the needs of changing times while holding true to federalist values.
*Emphasize the integrity of the individual both in terms of liberty and equity in which each citizen is a member of a compacted arrangement and whose role is legally, politically, and socially congruent with the spirit of the Bill of Rights.
*Find a balance between a respect for national expertise and an encouragement of local, unsophisticated participation in policy decision-making and implementation.
Your input, as to the content of this Blog, is encouraged through this Blog directly or the Blog's email address: gravitascivics@gmail.com .
NOTE: This blog has led to the publication of a book. The title of that book is TOWARD A FEDERATED NATION: IMPLEMENTING NATIONAL CIVICS STANDARDS and it is available through Amazon in both ebook and paperback versions.

Tuesday, May 17, 2022

JUDGING PAROCHIAL FEDERALISM, XIV

 

An advocate of parochial federalism continues his/her presentation[1]

Student Economic Interests [2] (cont.)

This posting begins with a continued discussion over the motivation to start a business and the opportunities to do so.  The reason for this concern is to what extent parochial/traditional federalism encourages such an activity.  That would be not only to be so engaged but also to do so within the guides of federalist values, i.e., not to offend through one’s actions the common good.

Some years ago, a lot of discussion – pointed out in the last posting – was over how the exiting of manufacturing to low-wage nations was affecting how viable the US production of goods was.  As Robert Reich[3] pointed out, due to resulting downsizing and consequential disruptions to market controls by large corporations, there have been many new opportunities for a whole new generation of entrepreneurs to begin small businesses.  But, in more recent years, some question this general judgement.

These other commentators cast doubt on this general cause, but they do not question Reich’s generally identified consequence.  In the ensuing years since his book was published, large corporations (valued at $1 billion or more) have resumed their dominant positions in OECD nations’ economies (like that of the US, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Japan).  Here is a quote from a McKinsey & Company article:

 

The size of the business sector varies only slightly within each of the major economies, and their share has remained steady for the past 60 years. This steadiness masks significant underlying shifts, notably including the growth of corporations over $1 billion in revenue, which increased their global revenues by 60 percent relative to their home country’s GDP since 1995.[4]

 

That business landscape has been fertile ground; those current economies, including the US’s economy, do afford newly found opportunities.  This is not an easy topic to summarize in this sort of review – there are a variety of factors affecting manufacturing advancements, for example, in the US including emissions and power generation – but the general literature does report an optimistic future.[5]

Across the board (manufacturing and service businesses), this might very well be the result of technological advancements – one thinks of online accesses – that have proven to lead to a meaningful uptick in the number of businesses getting started.  In terms of small businesses (those with fewer than 100 employees), the following is reported:

 

The strengthening United States economy in recent years has nurtured many opportunities for entrepreneurs, with the number of small businesses in the US on the rise.

          In 2021, the number of small businesses in the US reached 32.5 million, making up nearly all (99.9 percent) US businesses.

          The increase in the number of small businesses in the US in 2021 is representative of the sustained growth as it makes a 2.5 percent increase from the previous year and a growth of 9.8 percent over the four-year period from 2017 to 2021.[6]

         

Perhaps a parochial/traditional federalist perspective would encourage many more young people to seize these opportunities and become more actively engaged in the economic as well as political world than would otherwise be the case.  This is not to indicate that insufficient numbers are drawn to entrepreneurial pursuits when they are only spurred on by acquisitive motives, but for the sake of the nation, one is justified to hope for better. 

The point is that in addition to the desires for ever higher levels of material well-being, individuals can be motivated to such endeavors by the old republican, federalist desire to expand one’s liberty (through the entailed enhancement of one’s dignity) and gain a larger control over one’s life by being of service to a commonwealth.  By doing so, individuals create for themselves a more interactive role in the welfare of the broader community.

Stated in other words:  entrepreneurs, with their heightened financial commitment, find it in their interest to become more involved with the social conditions of their community.  Often, the welfare of the community will affect the health of their businesses.  In addition, the polity is benefited by more of its members having a greater personal stake in the general welfare of that community.  When one thinks of it, the natural rights argument of this dialectic struggle can also cite this advantage.

Young people should be introduced to this broader image and language – of parochial federalism – in how businesses are portrayed during their secondary school years.  This notion also plays as a segue to the next topic, political student interests.  What the nation is coming to see, given the rise of polarized politics, is that relying on a system in which off-setting interests check one another – a la Madisonian federalism (reviewed in the last posting) – is not enough.

What at minimum is needed, in part, are espoused values that promote virtue for its own sake and that view does not rise naturally – it needs to be encouraged or socialized.[7]  And to further make the point, one cannot merely count on this more communal view as being an outward perspective relating to or an off-shoot of a natural rights-based sense of personal interest.  As this blog has argued, if anything, that view actively encourages – most of the time[8] – the individual to form and hold a shallow concern for the advancement or even the maintenance of the common good.



[1] This presentation begins with the posting, “A Parochial Subject Matter” (March 11, 2022).  The reader is reminded that the claims made in this posting do not necessarily reflect the beliefs or knowledge of this blogger.  Instead, the posting is a representation of what an advocate of parochial federalism might present.  This is done to present a dialectic position of that construct.

[2] William H. Schubert, Curriculum:  Perspective, Paradigm, and Possibility (New York, NY:  MacMillan Publishing Company, 1986).  The meaning of this term has been shared in previous postings.

[3] Robert B. Reich, The Work of Nation:  Preparing Ourselves for the 21st-Century Capitalism (New York, NY:  Vintage Books, 1992).

[4] “A New Look at How Corporations Impact the Economy and Households:  A Discussion Paper,” McKinsey & Company (May 31, 2021), accessed May 12, 2022, https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/a-new-look-at-how-corporations-impact-the-economy-and-households .

[5] For example, see Torsten Lichtenau, Mattis C. Karlsson, Karl Strempel, and Emmet Gaffney, “The Great Retooling for Sustainability Is a Huge Opportunity in Machinery,” Bain & Company (May, 2, 2022), accessed May 15, 2022, https://www.bain.com/insights/great-retooling-for-sustainability-is-a-huge-opportunity-global-machinery-and-equipment-report-2022/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyYKUBhDJARIsAMj9lkHLPDj59oGFs1h1wQRLQRlHHz4kKx61T8ONaulmkAxON5qCWZXoxvwaAgO_EALw_wcB .  While this cited report addresses the topic from a global perspective, it pertains to the US.

[6] “How Many Small Businesses Are There in the US in 2022?,” Oberlo (n.d.), accessed May 12, 2022, https://www.oberlo.com/statistics/number-of-small-business-in-the-us#:~:text=The%20increase%20in%20the%20number,period%20from%202017%20to%202021.  Of course, the COVID pandemic affected this general condition, but reflects a background for the quickening recovery of business activity during the last year or so.

[7] Public schools can legitimately do the former and parents should be obliged to do the latter.

[8] For a vivid depiction of natural rights values at work and posing dangerous results, see MSNBC’s documentary on the case study of the travails of GameStop and the roller coaster progression of its stock.  “‘Diamond Hands’ doc Explores the Rise and Fall of GameStop Stock,” MSNBC (n.d.), accessed May 16, 2022, https://www.msnbc.com/the-last-word/watch/-diamond-hands-doc-explores-the-rise-and-fall-of-gamestop-stock-139993669626 .  This cite reviews the documentary entitled, “Diamond Hands:  The Legend of Wall Street Bets.”  At one point, the TV presentation quotes the baby boomer, Mike Bloomberg, who in a short statement captures a lot of the difference between the espoused values that are expressed by today’s millennials and those values emanating from a time closer to when federalist values dominated.

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