A Crucial Element of Democracy

This is a blog by Robert Gutierrez ...
While often taken for granted, civics education plays a crucial role in a democracy like ours. This Blog is dedicated to enticing its readers into taking an active role in the formulation of the civics curriculum found in their local schools. In order to do this, the Blog is offering a newer way to look at civics education, a newer construct - liberated federalism or federation theory. Daniel Elazar defines federalism as "the mode of political organization that unites separate polities within an overarching political system by distributing power among general and constituent governments in a manner designed to protect the existence and authority of both." It depends on its citizens acting in certain ways which Elazar calls federalism's processes. Federation theory, as applied to civics curriculum, has a set of aims. They are:
*Teach a view of government as a supra federated institution of society in which collective interests of the commonwealth are protected and advanced.
*Teach the philosophical basis of government's role as guardian of the grand partnership of citizens at both levels of individuals and associations of political and social intercourse.
*Convey the need of government to engender levels of support promoting a general sense of obligation and duty toward agreed upon goals and processes aimed at advancing the common betterment.
*Establish and justify a political morality which includes a process to assess whether that morality meets the needs of changing times while holding true to federalist values.
*Emphasize the integrity of the individual both in terms of liberty and equity in which each citizen is a member of a compacted arrangement and whose role is legally, politically, and socially congruent with the spirit of the Bill of Rights.
*Find a balance between a respect for national expertise and an encouragement of local, unsophisticated participation in policy decision-making and implementation.
Your input, as to the content of this Blog, is encouraged through this Blog directly or the Blog's email address: gravitascivics@gmail.com .
NOTE: This blog has led to the publication of a book. The title of that book is TOWARD A FEDERATED NATION: IMPLEMENTING NATIONAL CIVICS STANDARDS and it is available through Amazon in both ebook and paperback versions.

Friday, April 27, 2018

A MEANING OF THE COMMON GOOD


The professional organization of social studies educators is the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS).  This writer is a former member.  Retirement tends to loosen such bonds.  He was a member roughly from 1970 till 2007.  His feelings concerning the organization is mostly positive.  He does wish them well.

          Recently, it came to his attention that the NCSS issued a publication which attempts to set forth a policy position regarding the Common Core Standards – a US Department of Education effort – to encourage state departments of education to upgrade their state standards.  Apparently, the concern is that since the US must compete in a global economy, its education should be comparable to those of other advanced countries.  The issuance of the Common Core Standards is a way for the federal government to promote a better posture in that competition.
Recent reviews as to that comparability between the US and other nations have not been encouraging.  The US, in various ranking estimations across the various subject areas, has not been stellar.  While different reports vary somewhat, the US ranks about seventeenth in its schools’ success rate when compared to other national systems.[1]  So, there has been pressure from numerous sources to improve the nation’s educational efforts.  One specific demand is that state’s need to improve their standards – they are lacking or so the critics claim.
There is an obstacle to the federal government just upgrading these standards.  Under the nation’s constitutional makeup, the power to run educational systems is reserved to the states.  That makes the federal role a bit tricky.  The federal government can issue standards and suggest states adopt them.  This adoption can vary in terms of how extensively they are utilized.  In the case of social studies, the story is a bit more complicated. 
Yes, the federal government has issued the aforementioned standards.  Common Core standards are issued in terms of various subject areas:  English/Language Arts, Mathematics, and Science.  Missing?  Social Studies, which is usually treated as a core subject area in most secondary schools.  But they are not totally overlooked; they are indirectly included.  They function as a source of content material for English/Language Arts standards.  In the past two postings this role is characterized as a “backdoor” role.
The current effort of this blog is to provide some critical judgement of this role, in general, and of the standards the NCSS’ publication provides.  That publication is being referred to as the C3 Framework.[2]  The last two postings began this critique by reviewing the C3 organizing principles.  Now, the blog turns to the substantive portions.  Here is an introductory statement of the body of the publication:
Introduction in the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for social studies state standards, the call for students to become more prepared for the challenges of college and career is united with a third critical element:  preparation for civic life.  Advocates of citizenship education cross the political spectrum, but they are bound by a common belief that our democratic republic will not sustain unless students are aware of their changing cultural and physical environments; know the past; read, write, and think deeply; and act in ways that promote the common good.  There will always be differing perspectives on these objectives.  The goal of knowledgeable, thinking, and active citizens, however, is universal.[3]
Perhaps one can interpret this as a summary statement of the project’s principles. 
It, though, stands as more substantive than the five principles this blog shared in its previous two postings.  This determination is made not because it is substantive enough, only that it is more so.  At least, this statement identifies an aim.  Apparently, students need to do all the listed activities, e.g., know the past, for a purpose.  That is to advance the common good.  Of course, the next concern would be:  what constitutes the common good?  Again, this is the type of philosophical element that a summary or introductory statement should address.
Without such a philosophical commitment, one is left with a circular argument:  the common good is seeking the common good.  Is the common good what most people think is the common good?  Is it one in which the economy grows irrespectively of how that growth is distributed?  Is it advancing democratic norms – perhaps moving toward dismantling such an institution as the electoral college (given its anti-democratic character)?
This writer suspects that the defenders of the publication would state that such questions get into content and the efforts of the developers of the C3 Framework were to only provide an outline toward a more demanding curriculum, leaving content issues to the states.  If this is the case, the judgement here is the effort is not worth the time used to develop this document.  Part of the problem with any deficiencies with social studies is its content.  Those who have tried to reform social studies – for decades – have seen the problem as only being one of instruction, but that is a short shrift of the entailed problems.
The message of this blog has been that, yes, instruction is deficient, but more central to the woes of social studies is the problem of a content component that is reluctant to meet responsibly and meaningfully such questions as:  what is the common good?  Further, this shortcoming is part and parcel of the establishment’s avoidance of such questions due to its reliance on the natural rights construct to determine its content decisions.  The above introductory statement presents itself as transcending ideological bias, but it is not.  It is partial toward market values.
To offer a definition for the common good that falls under this publication’s perspective, the following is provided:  The common good is what is determined it is by the collective opinions of a population at a given time.  It is as if the common good and its elements are commodities to be consumed by the preferences of the consumers, the citizens of the nation.
This view is transitory; there are no transcending concerns other than for the mechanism by which to determine what is popular and the liberty, on the part of the individual, to express that judgement.  There are no duties or obligations other than those everyone assumes for him/herself. 
In other words, why should students “know the past” or be active in the political process?  They should master these objectives to be able to voice their educated choice – period.  The argument of this blog is:  the founders of this nation started the ball rolling for more loftier purposes than this.


[1] For example, Marian Wilde, “Global grade: How do U.S. students compare?” Great Schools, April 2, 2015, accessed on February 27, 2017, http://www.greatschools.org/gk/articles/u-s-students-compare/.


[2] National Council for the Social Studies, Preparing Students for College, Career, and Civic Life (Washington, D. C.:  NCSS, 2013), accessed April 16, 2018, https://www.socialstudies.org/c3.


[3] Ibid., 5. 



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